After the First World War and finally defeated and the remaining "core powers", the Ottoman Empire was fragmented. For the London conference (February 1920) Smyrna passage to Greece, Italy Antalya and Cilicia to France. At the conference of San Remo (April 1920) agreed to go to soberania Greek Thrace as well as the Bosporus and Dardanelles were demilitarized. On August 11, 1920 signed the Treaty of Sevres by Armenia and Arabia to obtain independence, their autonomy Turkish Kurdistan, Egypt, Iraq and Palestine become mandates of the United Kingdom, Cyprus becomes a British colony, and Syria (with Alejandreta now Iskenderun) becomes a French mandate. The consequences of these decisions, for which was not taken into account the wishes of those involved, they create a series of conflicts that in some cases, still today colean. For example, the division between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and the problem of the Kurdish people fragmented among several countries.
All this only amounted to an attempt to legitimize the status quo that existed because the allies had been rushed to a military occupation Turkey. Upset by the occupation of a born nationalist sentiment that would be led by Mustafa Kemal Atat rk. In May 1919 the steam Bandirma entered the port of Samsun. Mustafa Kemal Pa'a (general) traveling in the boat, supposedly to inspect the troops of the IX Corps (contained in their orders, by mistake, the inspection of the III Corps, but was the same, none of them existed only on paper ), but its purpose was another. Addressing a remote area of the city sought the freedom to form a real army with which both end with the Ottoman Empire and the occupation. The allies took only a week to realize what was happening and asked the Turkish defense ministry called Constantinople (Istanbul) to Mustafa Kemal. this as a war hero in the battle of Gallipoli during the First World War and its nationalism, had immense sympathy in the ministry, so we started giving long allied with the request but finally caved. On June 8, 1919, Mustafa Kemal received a telegram in which he was ordered to return. Kemal responded that no boat had fuel and, therefore, I am sorry he stayed where he was. Since devoting his time to go through the different populations of Anatolia speeches at national, was dismissed, not served at all. Read a fascinating post here. Anatolia obeyed him while ignoring the central government. It commanded the few armed forces that existed in Turkey before it stopped. Instead of doing so, the generals and Karabekir Kazim Ali Fuad joined him.
File: Mustapha Kemal - (1931)-New parliament building in Ankara.png
New Parliament was built by followers of Atat rk in Ankara.
In May 1919 the Greeks landed in Izmir (Smyrna) and the atrocities they committed were such that emerged throughout the country and anti associations defending the rights of the Turkish people. These associations gathered first in Erzurum (July 23, 1919) and then Sivas (September 4, 1919) elected as president Mustafa Kemal. In this second congress agreed to join the Society for the Protection of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia, the origin of the Republican Party of Progress post. In April 1920 the Allies dissolved the Chamber of Deputies in Istanbul and parliamentarians that escape go to a town in which Mustafa Kemal established his headquarters there, Ankara. Alli is being held in the Grand National Assembly which was elected again as President. At this moment there are two governments in Turkey, the Sultan Mehmed VI at Istanbul and in Ankara of Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal is condemned to death, but again, no one is willing to obey such an order.
However, Kemal situation was far from good. His followers were not a homogenous group (there were intellectuals, religious groups, military, ultra ... each with their own interests) and it had no armed forces disorganized bands whose loyalty was more than doubtful. In turn these bands in an army order Ismet Inon Bey. under his command, the newly formed armed forces to defeat the Greeks in the two Battles of Inon (which transforms into Ismet Ismet Bey Inon ) and Sakarya (1921). Kazim Karekebir in 1920 had done the same with Armenians killing its independent state is divided into Eastern Armenia, which became one of the republics of the USSR, and Western Armenia, who returns to Turkey (Peace of G mra). Between 1920 and 1921 the Turkish nationalist Armenian nationalism end up with tough, massacring thousands of people and forcing others to flee to neighboring countries in the long march.